The United States Political Parties - 849 Words

Elmer Eric Schattschneider said (1995) â€Å"political parties created democracy, and . . . democracy is unthinkable save in terms of parties†(pg.3). A political party is a group of voters organized to support certain public policies(Dictionary.com). The aim of a political party is to elect officials who will try to carry out the party s policies. The United States political parties are what many would claim to be the center of the nation s political system, and among the many that believe that would be our founding fathers whom started the United States political parties. During the establishment of the Constitution of the United States the Framers, also known as our founding fathers, tried to remain exempt from any and all political parties due to prior knowledge of outcomes of political parties in Europe. George Washington, the first president of the united states, was so against the forming of political parties that he warned the founding fathers of the risk in his farewell address stating â€Å"Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of party.† Despite the Framers eschew from political parties, the constant battle of the ratification of the Constitution started separating the newly found government, thus creating the first political parties in the United States known as the Federalist, and the anti-Federalist . Despite the two parties lacking stability and organization they had a base of whatShow MoreRelatedThe Political Parties Of The United States1183 Word s   |  5 Pages There are two major political parties in the United States, the Democrats and the Republicans. The Democratic symbol is a donkey they got this from the colonial times when andrew jackson kept being called a donkey so he started to use it, and we have used it ever since. The republicans got their symbol from Nast. Nast invented a famous symbol the Republican elephant. In a cartoon that Nast that had ran in Harper s Weekly in the year 1874, Nast drew a donkey clothed in lion s skin, scaring awayRead MoreThe Political Parties Of The United States Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesMany people, including the United States, thinks the US is the greatest democracy; but many other countries question whether they are or not because the US democracy only tolerates two political parties. In the 2014 presidential election, there were 52 political parties that ran during the election. Some examples of the main stream parties were the Libertarians, Green, Constitution, and Ref orm Parties (Tormsen, 2015). 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As a result, there is no representation for any other political party as long as the DemocratsRead MoreEssay on Political Parties in the United States797 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical Parties in the United States There are numerous political parties in the United States and they all have no strict requirements for membership. That means whatever group you want to belong to you can. There are also no membership lists that are maintained. Some of the ways to determine party affiliation comes from voting surveys and public opinion polls. The majority of voters in America consider themselves to be Democrats. Party identification does not mean that who is youRead More Political Parties in the United States Essay2450 Words   |  10 PagesPolitical Parties in the United States When the founders of the American republic wrote the U.S. Constitution in 1787, they did not envision a role for political parties in the governmental order. Indeed, they sought through various constitutional arrangements such as separation of powers, checks and balances, and indirect election of the president by an electoral college to insulate the new republic from political parties and factions. In spite of the founders intentions, the United StatesRead MoreCreation Of The United States And Political Parties2153 Words   |  9 PagesAn Age to Reflect: Creation of The United States and Political Parties Jonah Grier History 100 3/24/16 American history is filled with ups and downs. Starting out with only 13 colonies, America forcibly removed themselves from the one of the strongest empires in the world. Battling against political reform, the subtraction of resources from the motherland, the debt accrued by colonists, and the bank wars, America struggles to create a self-sustaining country. Forced Founders: Indians, DebtorsRead MorePolitical Parties Of The United States : The Democratic And Republic Parties915 Words   |  4 Pages There are two main political parties that dominate politics in the in the United States: The Democratic and Republic Parties. It turns out that these two political parties are opposed to each other on a wide range of issues that affect American public life. Unfortunately, many Americans are unaware of these differences between the two parties and tend to vote their officials into office in an uneducated manner. This often results in the political gridlock that often characterize government businessRead MoreWhy The United States Needs Political Parties3191 Words   |  13 PagesLanguage and Composition February 23rd, 2015 Why the United States Needs to Add More Political Parties American politics have been divided for years by two political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans. These two parties are the two major parties in America and they are the ones that run the American government and decide what is best for the citizens of the United States. On the surface it seems like a great idea to have two parties that each have different views and can represent both

Apple Inc. An American Multinational Organization Essay

Table of Content 1. Introduction 2. Pestel Analysis 2.1 Political 2.2 Economical 2.3 Social 2.4 Technological 2.5 Environment 2.6 Legal 3. Porter s Five Forces 3.1 Threats Of New Entrants 3.2 Threats Of Substitute Or Service 3.3 Bargaining Powers Of Customers 3.4 Bargaining Powers Of Suppliers 3.5 Intensity Of Competitive Rivalry 4. Recommendation 5. Conclusion 1. Introduction Apple Inc is an American multinational organization located in the middle of the Silicon Valley, California. It is focused on designing and developing the personal computers, related software products, and electronic products such as MP3 players and iPods. Apple Inc’s main products are iMac, iPod, iPhone and iPad. Apple Inc was founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne. Steve Jobs resigned as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Apple and was replaced by Tim Cook who was the Chief Operating Officer (COO) before he was named CEO. Apple has approximately 92,600 full-time equivalent employees and an additional 4,400 full-time equivalent temporary employees and contractors. 2. Pestel Analysis 2.1 Political Apple is one of the technology companies in America that have accumulated a large amount of cash reserves, having a $34.7 billion in the bank on June, 2015. This could generate calls for higher corporate tax in the United States, where income inequality has become a major political issue. Apple is heavily dependent on lower cost manufacturing in China. Social and politicalShow MoreRelatedApple Inc. : An American Multinational Organization Essay1763 Words   |  8 PagesApple Inc. is an American multinational organization located in 1 infinite loop, Cupertino, California 95014, in the middle of the Silicon Valley Apple was founded by Steven Jobs and Steven Wozniak. They both were high school friends, interested in electronics, and both ended up dropping out of school and getting jobs in companies in Silicon Valley, Steven Wozniak in Hewlett-Packard and Jobs in Atari. They designed a motherboard which would become the Apple-I. Both the friends tried to sell the machineRead MoreApple s Inc. : An American Multinational Innovation Organization Headquartered Essay926 Words   |  4 PagesApple’s Inc. is an American multinational innovation organization headquartered in Cupertino, California, that plans, creates, and offers customer hardware, PC programming, and online administrations. Its equipment items incorporate the iPhone cell phone, the iPad tablet PC, the Macintosh PC, the iPod versatile media player, and the Mac Watch smartwatch. Apple’s customer programming incorporate the OS X and iOS working frameworks, the iTunes media player, the Safari web program, and the iLife andRead MoreComparing Structure And Culture Of The Same Industry Essay1202 Words   |  5 Pagesprefer to work for? The two firms being compared were google and apple, both firms dominate the intersection of technology and consumer access. In addition they both compete across a huge range of sub-industries such as computing software, hardware, operating systems, applications and web browsing amongst others. However each firm takes a different approach from an organizational perspective. GOOGLE Google Inc. is an American multinational technology company specializing in internet related servicesRead MoreApple Organizational Analysis1013 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿APPLE INC. Introduction Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in California. It designs, develops and sells consumer electronics, computer software and personal computers. The company was founded on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne. Strategy Apple’s strategy has always revolved around innovation and creating a high-performance culture, through which it achieves and sustains its competitive advantage. MISSION STATEMENT â€Å"Apple isRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Apple Inc.1687 Words   |  7 PagesCompany of Choice: Apple Inc. The Social Responsibility of Apple Inc. By definition, social responsibility is known as the ethical framework and provides suggestions that an organization or an individuals, feels obliged to act so that the benefit is felt across the organization. It is that duty that every individual has of performing so as to ensure proper maintenance of balancing amid the economy and the organizational ecosystems. 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BELARDOStudent no.: 10 -11077Submitted to: Professor MedinaDate: December 14, 2012 | | TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3BODY/ RESEARCH†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...10 | | INTRODUCTION Apple Inc. Is an American multinational electronics and software company established by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak on April 1, 1976, in Cupertino, California. Apple Inc. Has become

Investment Analysis and Portfolio System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Investment Analysis and Portfolio System. Answer: Introduction: From the valuation of Bloomberg's Market index evaluator, it could be understood that SP ASX 200 is currently in an uptrend, where it has provided a 15.07% return on 52 weeks basis. In addition, ASX has also provided a 3.96% change from here to date. This positive depiction of index value mainly indicates the willingness of investors to utilise and improve the overall portfolio for generating higher income from investment. Furthermore, the 52-week high of ASX was at 5950.10 while 52-week low is at 5051.00. This only indicates that ASX is touching new highs everyday, which might help in improving investors return from investment (Bloomberg.com 2017). The current pricing of AGL Energy Limited is at 27.70 whereas its 52-week high is at 28.47, which depicts that the company is attaining higher value each day. However, the 52-week low of the company was at 16.50 with a YTD change of 25.4%. The company's current PE ratio is under 51.03 with high volume growth the companies over share price as relevantly increased from 2016 and 5-year net growth of 6.17% could be detected from the evaluation. Furthermore, the company's beta as compared to index is actually at 0.74, which depicts ability to reduce the overall risk from investment. Thus, the companys return depicts an effective investment opportunity, which could be used by investors to increase the return from investment (Bloomberg.com 2017). The current pricing of BHP Billiton is at 24.31 with a 52 week high is at 27.95, which depicts that the company is attaining higher value each day. The company's current PE ratio is under 39.36, with high volume growth the companies over share price has relevantly increased from 2016 and 5 year net growth has declined by -6.99% from the evaluation. The 52-week low of the company was at 17.29 with a YTD change of -2.99%. Furthermore, the company's beta as compared to the index is actually at 1.57, which depicts ability to increase overall risk of investment. Thus, investment in the company could be avoided due to low return and increased risk provided by the company (Bloomberg.com 2017). CBA AT Equity - Commonwealth Bank of Australia: The 52-week low of the company was at 69.22 with YTD change of 4.66%. The company's current PE ratio is under 15.57, with high volume growth the companies over share price has relevantly increased from 2016 and 5 year net growth has moved up by 5.4% from the evaluation. The current pricing of Commonwealth Bank of Australia is at 86.25 with a 52 week high is at 86.68, which depicts that the company making higher highs. Furthermore, the company's beta as compared to the index is actually at 1.13, which depicts ability to increase overall risk of investment. Thus, investment in the company is viable, as it provides higher return with adequate risk associated with investment (Bloomberg.com 2017). The company's current PE ratio is under 33.33, with high volume growth the companies over share price has relevantly increased from 2016 and 5 year net growth has moved up by 16.71% from the evaluation. The current pricing of CSL Ltd is at 127.98 with a 52-week high of 129.70 and 52-week low of 91.62 with a YTD change of 27.46%. Furthermore, the company's beta as compared to the index is actually at 0.70, which depicts ability to increase overall risk of investment. Thus, investment in the company is viable, as it provides higher return with adequate risk associated with investment (Bloomberg.com 2017). The Fortescue Metals Group Ltd current PE ratio is under 6.86, with a 5-year net growth has of 31.95% from the evaluation. The current pricing of the company is at 5.50 with a 52-week high of 7.27 and 52-week low of 2.81 with a YTD change of -6.62%. Furthermore, the company's beta as compared to the index is actually at 1.61, which depicts ability to increase overall risk of investment. There is no investment opportunity, which could be provided to the investor, as beta is high and return is negative (Bloomberg.com 2017). The Transurban Group current PE ratio is under 190.44, with a 5 year net growth has of 11.35% from the evaluation. The current pricing of the company is at 11.97 with a 52-week high of 12.655 and 52-week low of 9.45 with a YTD change of 15.99%. Furthermore, the company's beta as compared to the index is actually at 0.56. After seeing the overall investment opportunity, it is advisable to use the stock in the portfolio (Bloomberg.com 2017). The current pricing of Telstra Corp Ltd is at 4.16, whereas its 52-week high is at 5.86 and 52-week low at 4.15 with a YTD change of -18.43%. The company's current PE ratio is under 14.56 with high volume growth the companies over share price as relevantly increased from 2016 and 5-year net growth of 2.06% could be detected from the evaluation. Furthermore, the company's beta as compared to index is actually at 0.69, which depicts ability to reduce the overall risk from investment. Thus, after seeing the overall return from the company, it is not advisable for investors to use it for investment (Bloomberg.com 2017). The current PE ratio of Westfield Corp is under 10.73 with high volume growth the companies over share price as relevantly increased from 2016 and 5 year net growth of -7.54% could be detected from the evaluation. The current pricing of Westfield Corp is at 9.32, whereas its 52-week high is at 11.14 and 52-week low at 8.21 with a YTD change of -0.64%. Furthermore, the company's beta as compared to index is actually at 0.71, which depicts ability to reduce the overall risk from investment. Thus, it is not advisable for investors to use it for investment, as return from the company is relatively low (Bloomberg.com 2017). The current pricing of Woolworths Ltd is at 26.47, whereas its 52-week high is at 26.98 and 52-week low at 20.30 with YTD changes of 9.83%. The current PE ratio of Woolworths Ltd is under 18.57 with high volume growth the companies over share price as relevantly increased from 2016 and 5 year net growth of -11.58% could be detected from the evaluation. Furthermore, the company's beta as compared to index is actually at 1.02, which depicts ability to reduce the overall risk from investment. Thus, it is not advisable for investors to use it for investment, as return from the company is relatively low (Bloomberg.com 2017). WPL AT Equity - Woodside Petroleum Ltd: The current PE ratio of Woodside Petroleum Ltd is under 24.16 with high volume growth the companies over share price as relevantly increased from 2016 and 5-year net growth of 1.14% could be detected from the evaluation. The current pricing of Woodside Petroleum Ltd is at 33.15, whereas its 52-week high is at 33.97 and 52-week low at 24.98 with a YTD change of 6.39%. Furthermore, the company's beta as compared to index is actually at 1.11, which depicts ability to reduce the overall risk from investment. The overall return from the company is adequate and it is advisable for investors to use it for investment (Bloomberg.com 2017). The overall correlation of all the stocks with the market index is relatively positive and above 0.40, which indicates that the companies used in the portfolio are compliant with the returns of the index. Moreover, the positive correlation also indicates that an increment in the overall market value could also help in increasing return on investment.DeFusco et al. (2015) stated that correlation allows investors to detect the overall relation between two stocks, which could be used in hedging process.The correlation table is mainly depicted in appendix 1 where is states all the positive values into related with different stock this indicates that portfolio is created with stocks that provide a positive correlation with each other. This could eventually help in gaining adequate profits from the momentum and reduce any kind of risk from investment. Saunders and Cornett (2014) argued that the use of hedging process allows investors to nullify the losses, which commence from the volatile capital market. Thus, it could be understood that the portfolio used in the assignment has a positive correlation with the index. According to appendix 2, the overall equally weighted portfolio has been created, which depicts the return that is provided from investment in the 10 stocks. Relative return of 59.89% could be identified from the portfolio if equal weights are being distributed among the ten stocks. However, the standard deviation is relatively higher and portfolio beta is near to 0.97. This mainly depicts that with adequate returns is relatively lower than the risk from investment is relatively higher. Any negative movement in the capital market could lead to decline in its return from investment, as it is not adequately hedged. The portfolio has a Sharpe ratio is equal to 2.47 where is Treynor ratio only provide a 0.59 valuation. Kevin (2015) stated that portfolio creation mainly allows investors to reduce the overall risk from investment and increase capacity to generate continuous revenue from investment. Damodaran (2016) argued that without adequate research, creation of portfolio could lead to high-end losses accumulated by the investor where its investment capital could be at high risk. From the overall evaluation of appendix 2, return generated from the portfolio is adequate, where it provides a nominal in return from investment for 5 years. However, the risk involved within the overall portfolio is higher and close to 1, which indicates higher risk involved in the investment. Relative improvement in the portfolio could be made with adequate research, as it could help in improving return from investment and secure the investment capital (Spronk, Steuer and Zopounidis 2016). Commenting on the performance of the portfolios using different performance measures: According to the appendix 3, the overall efficient portfolios have been created, which starts the return from 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 20% and 25%. The relative risk and weight of the portfolio for all the returns mentioned in appendix 3, which helps in depicting price action or price movement of the stocks involved in the portfolio. There are relatively different risks, which are involved for the different returns needed from the portfolio.These different returns mainly comprise of different kind of risk associated with investment, which could help in identifying the minimum portfolio variance weight. This detection of minimum portfolio variance could eventually help in improving the return and reduce any kind of risk involved in the investment.Furthermore, the appendix 3 also identifies the relative calculations, which is needed for deriving the overall portfolio weights that provides targeted returns. Aouni, Colapinto and La Torre (2014) mentioned that use of adequate portfolio, which allows investors to minimise the risk from investment could hamper its overall capital.On the other hand, Altuntas and Dereli (2015) criticizes that focusing on minimum variance portfolio could not allow the investors to obtain higher return, where it could increase the invested capital exponentially. However, convergence related to the portfolio was not detected while conducting the calculations, as overall return is effectively achieved. The overall appendix 3 mainly depicts all the relative weights, risk and returns associated with investment.This evaluation of the appendix could eventually help in detecting the adequate portfolio, which is needed for the investment. As mentioned in the appendix 3 the return of 1% mainly provided a risk of around 18.57%, whereas increment in return led to decline in risk. The return of 11% merely portrayed risk of 11.48%, this depicted that higher return mainly allowed investors to reduce its overall risk from investment. However, after the 12% return portfolio, the other portfolios created only increase the risk from investment. Whereas, a return of 13% portrayed a risk of 11.46% and return of 20% portrayed a risk of 13.38%. This only indicates that after the 12% the risk and return it increased exponentially. However, before the 12% the risk was declining while the return increased. This phenomenon only occurs when a portfolio is being created which constitutes of different stocks with varying risk and return. The combination of the overall portfolios mainly depicts list of weights, which could be used by investors according to their investment capacity. Rutkauskas, Stasytyte and Borisova (2015) mentioned that use of adequate investment portfolio allows investors to gain continuous returns even if the market is not providing adequate returns.The construction of portfolio is the main attribute, which allows investors to increase the return and reduce the overall risk from investment. The created portfolios in appendix 3 could be evaluated with the help of Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, Portfolio beta, risk and return. This could eventually help in detecting the viability of the portfolio. The return of 1% has a negative Sharpe ratio of -0.083 and Treynor ratio of -0.014 with a beta of 1.136. However, Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio, Portfolio beta, risks and return is mainly seen increasing from the rising returns of different portfolio. In addition, the return of 25% mainly provides a Sharpe ratio of 1.240 and Tenyor ratio of 0.325 with a beta of 0.692. This only indicates that with rising return the overall beta also decreases and increment in both Sharpe and treynor ratio could be seen (Brook and Pagnanelli 2014). Thus, it could be understood that the overall return from investment is relatively increasing with a decline in the overall risk involved in investment.This could only indicate that use of adequate portfolio has improved the return generation capacity of t he investors. Furthermore, the conversion of adequate portfolio could eventually help in improving the return and reducing any kind of risk, which is associated with the investment (Lappe and Spang 2014). Thus, from the overall evaluation it could be understood that use of adequate portfolio creation could eventually help in protecting the maximum return generation with the minimum risk-portraying portfolio. This could eventually help in minimising any kind of impact from the external risk involved in portfolio creation. Guerard, Markowitz and Xu (2015) stated that the use of adequate investment portfolio could eventually help investors obtain target returns from investment and reduced negative impact from volatile capital market. Commenting on the general global minimum variance portfolio and efficient frontier: From appendix 4, the overall Global minimum variance portfolio could be identified, which help in reducing risk from investment and create an effective return.The minimum risk portfolio mainly provides a return of 12% from investment, whereas the risk is relatively lower as compared to other portfolios (Szego 2014).In addition, the minimum support for the point of efficient frontier, which depicts the highest return to the least risk associated with investment. Furthermore, the creation of minimum portfolio variance could eventually help in depicting the portfolio returns, which is at 82.28%. This return is relatively higher than the previous equal weighted portfolio returns. This only indicates that with the use of aggregate portfolio creation system and effective portfolio could be created, which might help in reducing risk and increasing profits from investment.The portfolio beta is at 0.713, which is relatively lower than the equally weighted portfolio. Both Sharpe ratio Treynor ratios are relatively higher than the equal weighted portfolio (Mahakud and Mishra 2014). The portfolio contribute funds to all the 9 stocks leaving out FMG at equity, as it portrays the highest risk involved in an investment.Portfolio adequately rejects the high-risk stocks and only accommodates stocks, which have lower risk involved in the investment. This only indicates that the portfolio creation is adequate and contributes the minimum risk involved in investment. Kaiser, Arbi and Ahlemann (2015) stated that use of optimal portfolio allows investors to omit stocks, which have higher risk involved in comparison to its return. Reference and Bibliography: Altuntas, S. and Dereli, T., 2015. A novel approach based on DEMATEL method and patent citation analysis for prioritizing a portfolio of investment projects.Expert systems with Applications,42(3), pp.1003-1012. Aouni, B., Colapinto, C. and La Torre, D., 2014. Financial portfolio management through the goal programming model: Current state-of-the-art.European Journal of Operational Research,234(2), pp.536-545. Ballestero, E., Pla-Santamaria, D., Garcia-Bernabeu, A. and Hilario, A., 2015. Portfolio Selection by Compromise Programming. InSocially Responsible Investment(pp. 177-196). Springer International Publishing. Bloomberg.com. (2017).Bloomberg - Asia Edition. [online] Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/asia [Accessed 14 May 2017]. Brook, J.W. and Pagnanelli, F., 2014. Integrating sustainability into innovation project portfolio managementA strategic perspective.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,34, pp.46-62. Damodaran, A., 2016.Damodaran on valuation: security analysis for investment and corporate finance(Vol. 324). John Wiley Sons. DeFusco, R.A., McLeavey, D.W., Pinto, J.E., Runkle, D.E. and Anson, M.J., 2015.Quantitative investment analysis. John Wiley Sons. Guerard, J.B., Markowitz, H. and Xu, G., 2015. Earnings forecasting in a global stock selection model and efficient portfolio construction and management.International Journal of Forecasting,31(2), pp.550-560. Jagric, T., Podobnik, B., Strasek, S. and Jagric, V., 2015. Risk-adjusted performance of mutual funds: some tests.South-eastern Europe journal of Economics,5(2). Kaiser, M.G., El Arbi, F. and Ahlemann, F., 2015. Successful project portfolio management beyond project selection techniques: Understanding the role of structural alignment.International Journal of Project Management,33(1), pp.126-139. Kevin, S., 2015.Security analysis and portfolio management. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Klingebiel, R. and Rammer, C., 2014. Resource allocation strategy for innovation portfolio management.Strategic Management Journal,35(2), pp.246-268. Kolm, P.N., Ttnc, R. and Fabozzi, F.J., 2014. 60 Years of portfolio optimization: Practical challenges and current trends.European Journal of Operational Research,234(2), pp.356-371. Lappe, M. and Spang, K., 2014. Investments in project management are profitable: A case study-based analysis of the relationship between the costs and benefits of project management.International Journal of Project Management,32(4), pp.603-612. Mahakud, J. and Mishra, C.S., 2014. Security Analysis and Portfolio Management. Najeeb, S.F., Bacha, O. and Masih, M., 2015. Does heterogeneity in investment horizons affect portfolio diversification? Some insights using M-GARCH-DCC and wavelet correlation analysis.Emerging Markets Finance and Trade,51(1), pp.188-208. Rutkauskas, A.V., Stasytyte, V. and Borisova, J., 2015. ADEQUATE PORTFOLIO AS A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF INVESTMENT PROFITABILITY, RISK AND RELIABILITY ADJUSTMENT TO INVESTOR S INTERESTS.Economics and Management, (14), pp.1170-1174. Saunders, A. and Cornett, M.M., 2014.Financial institutions management. McGraw-Hill Education,. Spronk, J., Steuer, R.E. and Zopounidis, C., 2016. Multicriteria decision aid/analysis in finance. InMultiple Criteria Decision Analysis(pp. 1011-1065). Springer New York. Szeg, G.P., 2014.Portfolio theory: with application to bank asset management. Academic Press.

Zynga’s Revenue Recognition Dilemma Essay Example

Zynga’s Revenue Recognition Dilemma Essay http://accrualperspective. wordpress. com/2012/10/10/zyngas-revenue-recognition-dilemma/ Zynga’s Revenue Recognition Dilemma Leave a reply Zynga’s Revenue Recognition Dilemma Zynga has been the focus of a highly disputed topic on bookings and revenues as of late. Unfortunately for the online gaming company, many accountants and financial analysts are not in Zynga’s favor on the way that the company has been recognizing revenues. To put the company in perspective, there are 26 million digital farmers via the vastly rampant FarmVille application run by Zynga. In the popular game, Facebook users build farms to produce crops and create the kind of productivity that they desire. This creates the need for virtual, heavy equipment, such as tractors, seeders and harvesters, all which can be bought with FarmVille Currency. Zynga makes money by allowing users to hurry the process by converting real dollars from their credit cards into the virtual currency necessary to get the equipment they need to get the job done. Like FarmVille, Zynga has users across a variety of applications such as CityVille, Words with Friends, and Mafia Wars, all of which using the same models. We will write a custom essay sample on Zynga’s Revenue Recognition Dilemma specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Zynga’s Revenue Recognition Dilemma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Zynga’s Revenue Recognition Dilemma specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This type of unique revenue however provokes a unique question; that is, how is Zynga supposed to report revenues from these products that they’ve offered? According to the company’s 10-k report, it’s policies on reporting states that: * â€Å"For the sale of consumable virtual goods, we recognize revenue as the goods are consumed† * â€Å"We recognize revenue from the sale of durable virtual goods ratably over the estimated average playing period of paying players for the applicable game, which represents our best estimate of the average life of our durable virtual goods† And perhaps the most important: â€Å"If we do not have the ability to differentiate revenue attributable to durable virtual goods from consumable virtual goods for a specific game, we recognize revenue from the sale of durable and consumable virtual goods for that game ratably over the estimated average period that paying players typically play our games† This type of fina ncial reporting is simply too confusing and leaves the door open for too much alteration within the reports. Also, this type of unpredictable reporting technique allows the company to skew bottom-line profits and maneuver their earnings to reflect an untrue valuation of the company’s worth. These types of manipulations are especially alarming to users of the financials who are looking to invest in a company that appears to be growing, when in reality it is altering production numbers with every consecutive quarter. In regards to the revenue recognition dispute, the way their accountants estimate average periods that paying players actually play the Zynga games must be validated. In a recent article by Bloomberg’s Cory Johnson, he notes that Zynga has made changes to these estimates five of the last six quarters. These changes made drastically effect the net profits that Zynga is reporting to the public. By taking the estimate and distorting it, they are able to report profits when indeed there are none. It is curious that the auditor assigned to Zynga, Ernst Young, has allowed this method of accounting to be implemented when clearly it is affecting the bottom line. It is also curious that EY is also the auditor for the Zynga’s distributor, Facebook whose Zynga profits have accounted for roughly 12% of its revenue. This â€Å"independence† (or lack there of) calls into question the true authenticity behind these reporting standards and what they mean to the accounting profession as well as financial statement users world-wide. At any rate, this is a topic that needs to be brought to light, discussed and ruled upon. Zynga cannot merely go on reporting as they wish to provoke the appearance of a success while the true profits and losses go unnoticed. http://blogs. smeal. psu. edu/grumpyoldaccountants/archives/746#more-746 http://articles. businessinsider. com/2011-10-12/research/30269486_1_zynga-virtual-goods-bookings http://www. forbes. com/sites/francinemckenna/2012/04/23/how-zynga-facebook-and-groupons-go-to-auditor-rewrites-accounting-rules/

Thomas Jefferson and the Embargo Act of 1807

Thomas Jefferson and the Embargo Act of 1807 The Embargo Act of 1807 was an attempt by President Thomas Jefferson and the U.S. Congress to prohibit  American ships from trading in foreign ports. It was intended to punish Britain and France for interfering with American trade while the two major European powers were at war with each other. The embargo was precipitated  primarily by Napoleon Bonapartes 1806 Berlin Decree, which announced that neutral ships carrying British-made goods were subject to seizure by France, thus exposing American ships to attacks by privateers. Then, a year later, sailors from the USS Chesapeake were forced into service  by officers from the British ship HMS Leopard. That was the final straw. Congress passed the Embargo Act in December 1807 and Jefferson signed it into law on December 22, 1807. The president hoped that the act would prevent a war between the United States and Britain. At the same time, Jefferson saw it as a way to keep ships as military resources out of harms way, buy time for the preservation, and signify (after the Chesapeake event) that the U.S. recognized that a war was in the future. Jefferson also saw it as a way to cease non-productive war-profiteering which was undermining the coveted but never achieved goal of American autarky- economic independence from Britain and other economies. Perhaps inevitably, the Embargo Act was also a precursor to the War of 1812. Effects  of the Embargo Economically, the embargo devastated American shipping exports and cost the American economy about 8 percent in decreased gross national product in 1807. With the embargo in place, American exports declined by 75%, and imports declined by 50%- the act did not completely eliminate trade and domestic partners. Before the embargo, exports to the United States reached $108 million. One year later, they were just over $22 million. Yet Britain and France, locked in the Napoleonic Wars, were not greatly damaged by the loss of trade with Americans. So the embargo intended to punish Europes greatest powers instead negatively impacted ordinary Americans. Although the western states in the Union were relatively unaffected, as they had at that point little to trade, other parts of the country were hit hard. Cotton growers in the South lost their British market entirely. Merchants in New England were the hardest hit. In fact, discontent was so widespread there that there was serious talk by local political leaders of seceding from the Union, decades before the  Nullification Crisis  or the  Civil War. Jeffersons Presidency Another result of the embargo was that smuggling increased across the border with Canada, and smuggling by ship also became prevalent. So the law was both ineffective and difficult to enforce. Many of those weaknesses were addressed by a number of amendments and new acts written by Jeffersons Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin (1769–1849), passed by Congress, and signed into law by the president: but the president himself essentially ceased active support on his own after signaling his decision to not seek a third term in office in December 1807. Not only would the embargo taint Jeffersons presidency, making him fairly unpopular by its end, but the economic effects also didnt fully reverse themselves until the end of the War of 1812. End of the Embargo The embargo was repealed by Congress early in 1809, just days before the end of Jeffersons presidency. It was replaced by a less restrictive piece of legislation, the Non-Intercourse Act, which prohibited trade with Britain and France. The newer law was no more successful than the Embargo Act had been, and relations with Britain continued to fray until, three years later, President James Madison obtained a declaration of war from Congress and the War of 1812 began. Sources and Further Reading Frankel, Jeffrey A. The 1807–1809 Embargo against Great Britain. The Journal of Economic History 42.2 (1982): 291–308.Irwin, Douglas A. The Welfare Cost of Autarky: Evidence from the Jeffersonian Trade Embargo, 1807–09. Review of International Economics 13.4 (2005): 631–45.Mannix, Richard. Gallatin, Jefferson, and the Embargo of 1808. Diplomatic History 3.2 (1979): 151–72.Spivak, Burton. Jeffersons English Crisis: Commerce, Embargo, and the Republican Revolution. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1979.

Linear Parent Functions (Algebra Help)

Linear Parent Functions (Algebra Help) In Algebra Functions, a function is described as a set of data that has one distinct output (y) for each input (x). A function also describes the relationship between inputs (x) and outputs (y). As a testament to the various patterns between x and y, several types of functions exist. Algebraic Functions LinearAbsolute ValueQuadraticExponentialTrigonometricRationalLogarithmic Each type of Algebraic function is its own family and possesses unique traits. If you want to understand the characteristics of each family, study its parent function, a template of domain and range that extends to other members of the family. This article focuses on the linear parent function. Linear Parent Function Characteristics The equation of the linear parent function is y x. Refer to Linear Parent Function for the graph of y x. Domain: All real numbers Range: All real numbersThe slope, or rate of change, is constant. Linear Function Flips, Shifts, and Other Tricks Family members have common and contrasting attributes. If your dad has a big nose, then you probably have one as well. Nonetheless, just as you are different from your parents, so is a subsequent function different from its parent. Note: Any changes to the equation will alter the graph. Vertical Shiftsy x1The graph shifts up 1 unit. y x-4The graph shifts down 4 units. Changes in Steepnessy 3xThe graph becomes steeper. y  ½xThe graph becomes flatter. Negative Influencey  The graph flips and slopes downward, instead of upward. (See Calculate a Negative Slope.)

Selections from the Christian Gospels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Selections from the Christian Gospels - Essay Example Jesus Christ conveyed the opinion that in as much as most of our activities as Christians and believers are on earth, we should focus on the relationship between us and our Father in heaven, for that will ensure that most of our efforts are not taken for granted here on earth due to the continuous destructions. In the book of John: 8, Jesus Christ informed Christians and believers of the importance of living by his teachings. This is because he was the way of light and ignoring him would result in confusion and darkness. Jesus emphasized on the need to have respect for the word, which is referred to as logos in the beginning of the book of John. Jesus advised that the word should be respected, because it existed before, and comes directly from the heart of God. In assembling his disciples and sharing the last supper with them, Jesus Christ was demonstrating to them that they should be committed to one another, and to their course, as some of them may contemplate giving up in the cour se of the journey. The crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ, which is highlighted in the Gospel books show that it is important for Christians to have strong faith in God, for he is the protector and does not let the suffering of his people be in vain. Faith is one of the most vital elements of Christianity. Faith is quite powerful for the reason that it brings Christians together and connects them with God. The faith Christians have in God is the only thing that holds them steady and keeps them safe from the storms of life.

Do transformation really work for Pizza Express Dissertation

Do transformation really work for Pizza Express - Dissertation Example observed trend regarding the transformation (which includes refurbishment of the units) it has been recommended that Pizza Express should invest in the innovation of products and services and also adopt identical and unique design for all the units of Pizza Express across the country. Major business houses round the world have undergone massive transformation over the years in order to be competitive and to fetch a substantial market share. In the era of globalization, organizations need to adopt various changes in their outlook to sustain their businesses in the competitive market scenario. The history of successful organization reflects the fact, that the organizations have carefully identified the changes in business processes at appropriate timings and those changes have gained profitability for them in the long run. In the present era, transformation of business across all sectors has evolved in a massive way. As a result of transformation, industries have experienced major chan ges over the years and this has been one of the critical elements responsible for the survival and growth of business organizations. Among the major changes undertaken by different organizations in the past decade, the focus has always been on the creation of value. Customer satisfaction has also been one of the prime forces which have driven the changes over the years. Much importance has been given to bring about changes in the products and services, according to the needs and demands of the customers so that the products and services offered by them are perceived by the customers to be of high value. The overall transformation in the business activities of the organizations also has a huge effect on the economy of a country. As the industries in a country contribute a substantial part... Express 23-27 Analysis 28-34 Conclusion 34-36 Recommendations 36-37 Bibliography 37-40 Appendix 40-41 Transformation in Pizza Express Executive Summary: A study of the process of business transformation has been conducted with special reference to the transformation process in Pizza Express. A detailed study has been done to analyze the importance and the advantages of the business transformation process. The transformation process undertaken by Pizza Express has been studied with the help of the secondary sources and some primary information. Studies reflect that the transformation process of Pizza Express is mainly based on the refurbishments of the units and a huge cost is being allotted by the organization towards the achievement of these goals. In the next step in the transformation process of the organization, the major process in the business operations needs to be detailed. Importance on the operation of process needs to be provided as all the major tasks in the organizations are accomplished through the process and the overall outputs of the process determine the efficiency of the organization. The various outputs of the organization should be aligned to the strategy so that operational excellence can be achieved by the organization. The detailing of the business operation will in turn lead to the overall analysis of the process and the identification of the process which needs the transformation. Once the process requiring transformation is identified, critical analysis of the particular areas of the process needs to be evaluated which needs transformation. Once the process requiring transformation is identified, critical analysis of the particular areas of the process needs to be evaluated which needs transformation.

Debate on School Uniform Essay Example for Free

Debate on School Uniform Essay Today we are seeing that the younger generations are becoming more preoccupied with fitting into the latest fashion trends. School administrations have noticed that dress code violations could be an attribute to the lack of performance in the classrooms. Public schools across America are searching for answers to enhance a better learning environment for the students. Taking all this into consideration, school uniforms would be a great idea to alleviate some of the negativity kids face due to societies apparel obsessions. In addition to what has been mentioned, studies have shown positive results with the use of public school uniforms. If it means that the schoolrooms will be more orderly, more disciplined, Mr. Clinton said, and that our young people will learn to evaluate themselves by what they are on the inside instead of what theyre wearing on the outside, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms (Mitchell, 1996). I believe a requirement of school uniforms should be implemented in all public elementary and middle schools. Read more: Should uniforms be mandatory essay In the name of putting â€Å"discipline and learning back in our schools† President Clinton instructed the Federal Education Department today to distribute manuals to the nation’s sixteen thousand school districts advising them how they can legally enforce a school uniform policy. If it means that the schoolrooms will be more orderly, more disciplined,† Mr. Clinton said, â€Å"and that our young people will learn to evaluate themselves by what they are on the inside instead of what they’re wearing on the outside, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms† (Mitchell, 1996). â€Å"It’s a fashion trend that’s spreading from Los Angeles to Louisiana, from Maryland to Miami, public schools are discussing, and in many cases adopting, the old private school idea. School uniforms are designed to help kids focus on algebra instead of high-tops; to make students compete for grades rather than jackets (www. pbs. org). In 1987, the first public school Cherry Hill Elementary in Baltimore, MD instituted a school uniform policy. Later in 1994, the Long Beach Unified School District in California adopted a mandatory uniform policy in some of its schools, making it the first urban district to do so. Before long there was a considerable increase in the use of uniform. For example, ninety-five percent of New Orleans’ public schools require uniforms, eighty-five percent of Cleveland, eighty percent of Chicago, sixty-five percent of Boston, sixty percent of Miami, and fifty percent of Cincinnati’s public School changed to uniforms (www. education. org). New York City, which is the largest school district in the US, has adopted the school uniform policy. The largest school district in the U. S. has adopted school uniforms. Over a half-million elementary-school students in New York City will have to adhere to a dress code by the fall of 1999. The president of the school board said the policy is â€Å"important to diminish peer pressure and promote school pride,† but that it’s not â€Å"an act of magic to transform schools overnight†¦ It isn’t going to replace a good teaching, good principals, and small classrooms. †(www. pbs. org). The National Association of Elementary School Principals (NAESP) conducted a phone survey of seven hundred and fifty five principals in 2000, which revealed that twenty one percent of all public schools had a uniform policy (www. education. org). Another reason that schools have decided to conform to uniform policy is because some students arrive at school in T-shirts that bear slogans or graphics promoting drugs and alcohol, or that display a variety of messages that conflict with values the schools are trying to promote. Others may swagger around the halls in gang-related garb. Also, others may show up in sexually provocative clothing. These issues, as well as a desire to minimize socioeconomic tensions between the â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have not’s†, have spurred some schools to adopt more stringent dress codes or to require students to wear uniforms. As the Department of Education’s Manual on School Uniform notes, â€Å"Uniforms by themselves cannot solve all of the problems of school discipline, but they can be one positive contributing factor to discipline and safety† (Lumsden, Miller, 2002). Some authors contend that uniforms lessen emphasis on fashion, reduce the financial burden of low-income families, and promote peer acceptance, school pride, and learning. In a ten-state survey of elementary and middle school principals conducted two years ago by the National Association of Elementary School Principals and the clothing company Lands’ End, eleven percent of respondents said that their schools mandate uniforms, and another fifteen percent were considering such a policy. Others recent survey indicated that support for uniforms are growing among parents as well. In one survey, fifty-six percent of parents said they would support a school uniform policy (Lumsden, Miller, 2002). School uniforms also take the pressure off students to pay top dollar for clothes, according to Reginald Wilson, a senior scholar at the American Council on Education in Washington, D. C. I think it does lower the cost of clothes, and kids dont emphasize clothes as much when theyre all wearing the same thing, Wilson said. Certainly the competition to wear the best shoes or the best sweaters and so forth has been prevalent in school ever since I was in school, and the poor kids felt inferior (www. pbs. org). Deborah L. Elder wrote about an evaluation of school uniform policy at John Adams and Truman Middle Schools for Albuquerque public schools. In the beginning in the fall of 1998 under a policy started by parent’s students at John Adams and Truman Middle Schools in Albuquerque were required to wear tuck-in polo shirts and khaki pants or skirts. Elder reports on an evaluation of this policy that used interviews, focus groups, and surveys, along with data on discipline referrals and numbers of students achieving honor-roll status. During the first semester of the 1998-1999 school year, both schools experienced a clear improvement in student conduct from the previous year. At John Adams Middle School, discipline referrals fell from one thousand five hundred and sixty-five during the first semester of the previous year to four hundred and five. At Truman, referrals dropped from one thousand one hundred and thirty-nine to eight hundred and fifty. Students, teachers, and parents stated in interviews â€Å"uniforms place all students on an equal level,† Elder writes, â€Å"Students who may be immediately labeled by peers and staff no longer stand out. † Survey data showed that seventy-five percent of parents and eighty-nine percent of staff supported uniforms and believed they decreased violence, theft, and gang activity, Although only fifteen percent of students supported uniforms, fifty-nine percent agreed that â€Å"school uniforms help school officials identify trespassers on campus. † Concerns about school violence have led to increased interest in and acceptance of uniform policies. In the wake of school shootings, communities and schools are much more willing to embrace uniforms as well as a number of other strategies to enhance student safety. Curbing gang-related violence was the primary goal of the Long Beach (CA) Unified School District when, in 1994, it began requiring students in all its elementary and middle schools to wear uniforms, In the Dysart Unified School District outside Phoenix, Arizona, eliminating some of the stigma associated with clothes was the main motivation behind the adoption of uniforms. Even before the recent series of school shootings, a survey of principals conducted by the National Association of Secondary School Principals found strong support for uniforms. In addition to having a sense that uniform may aid in violence prevention, many administrators believe that uniforms will reduce discipline referrals, while improving attendance, achievement, self-esteem, and school climate. A study of middle school students in the Charleston (SC) School District fount that school uniforms did appear to alter students’ perceptions of school climate. Students attending district schools that required uniforms viewed their school climates more positively than did students enrolled in schools where uniforms were not mandatory. Additional benefits credited to school uniforms include improved discipline, increased respect for teachers, increased school attendance, fewer distractions, improved academic performance, increased self-esteem and confidence, lower overall clothing costs, promotion of group spirit, reduction in social stratification and fashion statements, improved classroom behavior, lower rates of school crime and violence, and easy identification of nonstudents (Lumsden, 2001). Many opponents believe that dictating what students wear to school violates their constitutional right to freedom of expression (Lumsden,Miller, 2002). People oppose uniforms point to unnecessary violations of students First Amendment rights, authoritarian regimentation, extraordinary expenditures on special clothing, an environmental tone that is harmful to education and learning, and cosmetic solution to deeper societal problems. Students First Amendment right to freedom of expression, and whether it is being abridged, is one of the fundamental issues raised, Several legal challenges have asserted that students freedom to select what to wear to school is a form of self-expression that schools are not entitled to interfere with (Lumsden, 2001). In a recent case, Littlefield v. Forney, parents challenged a school uniform policy adopted by the Forney, Texas school board. The policy required students to wear polo shirts, oxford shirts, or blouses in any of four specified solid colors, with blue or khaki pants, shorts, skirts, or jumpers. Denim, leather, suede, vinyl, and spandex were off-limits, as were baggy clothes and specific types of shoes. The parents claimed that the district’s policy violated â€Å"the right of parents to control the upbringing and education of their own children. † The plaintiff also argued that the policy interfered with students’ freedom of expression and forced them to express ideas with which they might disagree. In addition, they also declared that the procedures for opting out of the policy violated their religious freedom by allowing school officials to assess the sincerity of people’s religious belief. The federal district court dismissed the suit without a trial, but the plaintiffs then appealed to the 5th Circuit Court, where the ruling of the lower court was upheld. In its decision, the 5th Circuit Court indicated that students’ free-speech right to select their own clothes is â€Å"not absolute,† and that this right must be balanced against a school board’s stated interests in adopting a dress code or uniform policy. To decide whether a specific uniform or dress code policy is permissible under the Constitution’s free-speech clause, the court used a four-pronged test it had previously applied in another school uniform case, Canady v. Bossier Parish School Board. The court looked at four criteria: the school board must have the power to make a policy, the policy must promote a substantial interest of the board, the adoption of the policy must not be an attempt to censor student expression, and the policy’s â€Å"incidental† restrictions on student expression must not be greater than necessary to promote the board’s interest. In this case, the 5th Circuit found that all four criteria were satisfied and that the district’s school uniform policy therefore did not violate students’ right to free expression. The court also ruled that parents’ rights to control their children’s upbringing, including their education, cannot override school rules that are considered â€Å"reasonable† to maintain an appropriate educational environment. In this case, the court concluded that the uniform policy was â€Å"rationally related† to the interests of the school board in â€Å"promoting education, improving student safety, increasing attendance, decreasing dropout rates, and reducing socioeconomic tensions among students. † The parents’ argument that the opt-out procedure violated religious freedom because if gave school officials the authority to judge the sincerity and content of families’ religious beliefs was also rejected by the court. Their decision was based on the policy not containing any religious goals; they did not have the effect of advancing or hindering any particular faith over any other; and did not excessively â€Å"entangle† school officials in religious beliefs (Lumsden, and Miller, 2002). Public schools that have already put uniform into place have seen improvement. Kids are less focus on what they are wearing, and more focus on schoolwork. Kids are not focused on what they should wear the next day for school and you won’t have kids up early looking for clothes to wear to school. Elementary and Middle Schools will see significant change once uniforms are put into place. School uniforms are a great way to preserve the level of social equality amongst the students. The thought of knowing the social background is prevented. It makes kids treat each other equally; not judging by what clothes they wear. Students will learn to respect each other on the foundation of how they get along and not how sexy they look. Humiliating or bullying other kids will decrease or stop altogether. The level of distraction is considerably reduced. Since students will be dressing in similar clothing, which will be distinctive to the school, the students will build up a sense of belonging and loyalty to the school. School uniforms will help avoid incidents of complicated situations (inferiority and superiority). Students will not be known by what they wear, but by how they perform. Kids can build team spirit. When you wear specific colors, a sense of unity can be developed. Similar clothing promotes team spirit. School uniforms encourage a sense of ownership and discipline. Therefore, I strongly believe school uniforms should be a requirement for public school students in the elementary and middle schools. Overall, implementing school uniform in elementary and middle public school will be beneficial, as I have mentioned above. Kids may not be happy about it at first, but they will eventually catch on. I personally work with middle school kids who go to public school and wear uniforms. They did not like it at first, but what they all agree on is how they don’t have to decide on what to wear. References Lumsden, Linda and Gabriel Miller. Dress Codes and Uniforms. 2002. National Association of Elementary School Principals, Alexandria, VA. 19 6 2012 . Lumsden, Linda. Uniforms and Dress-Code Policies. Eugene, May 2001. Mitchell, Alison. New York Times: Clinton Will Advise Schools on Uniforms. 25 February 1996. 23 June 2012 . Public School Uniform Statistics. 2012. 19 6 2012 . School Uniforms. 21 6 2012 .

Colonial Woman and Religion-?Woman and Witchcraft? :: essays research papers

It was at staid Boston that Anne Hutchinson marshaled her forces; it was at peace-loving Salem that the Devil marshaled his witches in a last despairing onslaught against the saints. To many of its readers there seemed to be little or no connection between witchcraft and religion; but an investigation of the facts leading to the death sentence of the various martyrs to superstition at Salem will convince the skeptical that there was a most intimate relationship between the Puritan belief and the theory of witchcraft. Looking back after the passing of more than two hundred years, it was said to believe the bizarre explanation, skilled and thoroughly intelligent folk as the Puritans could have believed in the possession of this evil power. It especially appeared incredibly when it was remembered that here was a people that came to this country for the exercise of religious freedom, a citizenship that descended from men trained in the universities of England, a well-built band that under extreme privation has created an institution within sixteen years after the settlement of wilderness. It was borne in the mind that the Massachusetts colonies were not alone in this belief in witchcraft. It as common throughout the world, and was as aged as humankind. Deprived of the aid of modern science in explaining odd methods and activities, man had long been adapted to fall back upon devils, witches, and evil spirits as premises for his arguments. While the execution of the witch was not so common an event els ewhere in the world, during the Salem period, yet it was unknown among ‘so-called’ open-minded people. In 1712, a woman was burned near London for witchcraft and several city clergymen were among the prosecutors. The religion of Salem and Boston was well fitted for developing this very theory of hateful power in â€Å"possessed† persons. The teachings that there was a personal devil, that God allowed him to tempt mankind, that there were myriads of devils under Satan’s control at all times, ever watchful to trap the innocent, that these devils were rulers over certain territory and certain types of people. These teachings naturally led to the assumption that the goblins chose certain persons as their very own. The constant reminders of the danger of straying from the strait and narrow way, and of the tortures of the afterworld led to self-consciousness, introspection, and morbidness. The idea that Satan was all times seeking to weaken the Puritan church also made it easy to believe that anyone living outside of that church was an agent of the devil or bewitched.

Narrative Argument About Education Essay

Reading the web is not the same as reading in the book or magazine or even newspaper. The information that you read from the internet may not stick with you as long as it would if you were to read a book, newspaper, magazine, or journal. This can’t be a hundred percent accurate for everyone, but according to most people that I have questioned, the information that they read from the web/internet doesn’t stick with them as long as it does when they read an actual book, newspaper, or magazine. Personal computers can be empowering tools in a way of learning about technology, but in my opinion they do no good for learning when it comes to critical thinking skills and gaining accurate information for yourself. Most of the web pages that are out there are not even filled with accurate information. If there is no context on the web for the research you are looking up, then neither is there any history for it. Nothing online has been indexed before 1980, so therefore; the information is not completely accurate and gainful knowledge. According to Judith Levine, most of the data her students net are like trash fish, and by that I feel like she means that the information that they get is worthless and will not help them in any way. I would have to say that I can agree with her statement because as a web surfer myself I don’t see how it helps me. Yes, it does give me certain education in the information that I am surfing about, but it does and will not help me as much as it would if I were to read a book about that very same subject. I can gain more knowledge and keep it memorized with a book much easier than I can surfing the web. Judith talks about her students not being able to concentrate when she asks them to organize their impressions into coherent stories, and I find that to be due to the lack of critical thinking skills from not reading books anymore and using this computer technology for all of their research and surfing articles. I feel like students don’t get the full education of the subject that they need when they shortcut it by using the web for their papers. I agree with Judith’s statement about the diagnosis of an epidemic attention deficit disorder. It can be caused by the casual clicking and pointing that has come to stand in for intellectual inquiry. Technology may empower, but when will the power of it be used? Students don’t read anymore and so their critical thinking skills are not as great as they could be if they would just read instead. They should be reading books like literature, history, poetry, and politics so they can be listening to people who know what they are talking about. Otherwise, the information they get will be of no use to them. â€Å"The search engines that retrieve more than 100,000 links or none at all, they will be awkward at discerning meaning, or discerning at all† (Paragraph 14). After reading the story of Judith Levine’s argument about using the web for research papers versus reading books, I can feel like I totally agree with her on every aspect. â€Å"Because reading makes you use your brain. While reading you would be forced to reason out many things which are unfamiliar to you. Reading improves your vocabulary: Remember in elementary school when you learned how to infer the meaning of one word by reading the context of the other words in the sentence? You get the same benefit from book reading. While reading books, especially challenging ones, you will find yourself exposed to many new words you wouldn’t be otherwise.† â€Å"Reading also improves concentration and focus. It requires you to focus on what you are reading for long periods. Unlike magazines, internet posts or e-mails that might contain small chunks of information, books tell the whole story. Since you must concentrate in order to read, like a muscle, you will get better at concentration†Ã‚   Just like Judith talked about in her argument, she feels like the etiology of attention deficit disorder is due to the fact that students these days are not reading books anymore, but are only surfing the web which doesn’t help the brain to focus and concentrate. When students surf the web for answers there is no way of them being able to know if any particular fact is accurate or not. But when they read books it gives them better information that is sure to be accurate. So, when Judith Levine argues the point that she feels reading books, magazines, newspapers and etc. â€Å"are better that surfing the web, I would have to agree with her because it help us in our comprehension, practices our fluency, and many others. But nowadays, because reading books is boring and you have to read for almost a week or month, students today are so lazy to that and they always have the speech of, it’s a waste of time† â€Å"Using Computer is widely practice today’s generation. It is almost needed in the society. You can also be called an illiterate when you don’t know how to use it, because even a 7 years old kid can use the computer. Computers are easy to use, reliable, fast, and consume a short period of time† I believe that is why in the beginning of Judith’s argument she quoted Bill Gates statement after he bestowed a $200 million gift to America’s public libraries so they could hook up to the internet and I understand why he would feel the way he does about computers because of how popular they are in today’s society, but in my opinion I feel that they are not as empowering as people seem to think that they are. They will not give you the education and critical thinking skills that you need like books will do for you. So, therefore; I would have to agree with her argument towards Bill Gates decision and statement.

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Background Sony Corporation is one of the best-known names in consumer electronics andranks second worldwide in electronics behind Matsushita Electric Corporation. Since itwas  established  shortly  after  World  War  II,  Sony  has  introduced  a  stream  of  revolutionary  products,  including  the  transistor  radio,  the  Trinitron  television,  theBetamax  VCR,  the  CD  player,  the  Walkman  portable  cassette  player,  and  thePlayStation game console. The company's electronics segment–which includes audioand video products, televisions, personal computers, monitors, computer peripherals,telecommunications devices, and electronic components (such as semiconductors).When Dr. Toshi T. Doi took charge of the project to develop a new computer in 1984, herecruited  11  top-flight  engineers  to  form  the  team. Doi  established  three  basicguidelines for the development: †¢ (1) the computer should be 32 bit; †¢ (2) it should be multipurpose; and †¢ (3) the project should be completed as soon as possible. The engineers, however, decided that they wanted to design a machine (an engineeringworkstation)  that  would  help  them  in  their  own  engineering  work  rather  than  amultipurpose machine. Doi approved their plan, but  he required that it be  finished in sixmonths.SAPADAPA ANALYSIS:I. Situational  Analysis Dr. Toshi T. Doi was the general manager of Sony's workstation division(WD) and was not keen on changing Sony's product development process,which was efficient and successful. The WD's workstation â€Å"NEWS† launchedin October 1986 at the Tokyo Data Show had generated over 1000 inquiries;they  recovered  investments  in  few  months  and  saw  a  double  in  salesannually. Its new product development (NPD) process for the 1550 series workstationhad three stages: basic architecture sp ecification †¢ product design †¢ first lot productionOne side effect of Sony’s preoccupation with the video business was that itscomputer business. Although Sony had  some success in the  computer gamemarket, its first entrants in the computer market were 8-bit machines. TheSMC-70 and SMC-777 are 8-bit machines were introduced in 1982 and 1984,respectively, which failed quickly in competition with 16-bit MS-DOS systems(e. g. , the IBM  PC). Sony considered developing a  16-bit microcomputer but itsoon abandoned the idea. II. Problem Analysis The development required too much effort from hardware design engineers.Engineers in small teams were required to handle all issues from logic design tomanufacturability, requiring a breadth of knowledge, which many did not have. These engineers had to put-in 60 to 70 hours a week and much more during acrisis, rendering them overworked. With  all these extra  efforts put in,  the designswere still not optimized to be manufactured Man/Engineers ? Too  much  was  required  from  thehardware design engineers. Small teams were more efficient but they requiredthat each engineer be able to handle the completerange of  design  tasks, from  high-level architecturedown to minor details.Thus the engineer's skills andknowledge had to be both broad and  deep. Method ? With the current procedure, the designswere not  optimized for  manufacturability. Because hardware design engineers were unfamiliarwith  all  of  the  manufacturing  concerns,  they  oftenmissed  simple  redesigns  that  could  makemanufacturing far more efficient. Inthe current process, it is very difficult to separatetechnology  into  neat  steps  and  for  this  reason  ittakes time  to  transfer technology. The workstationmarket is so competitive that there is no time to dothis transfer. SpecializationDesign engineering does ot have  enough expertiseto support manufact uring properly, especially as theproduct line and the number of development projectscontinue to growWorking  TimeHardware  engineers  typically  work  60-70  hours  aweek And even more during a  crises. SWOT ANALYSIS A. Strengths †¢ Recovered Investments and doubled the  annual sales since the  launch of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"NEWS† †¢ Project Manager often a Senior Engineer  B. Weaknesses †¢ Small project teams †¢ Very limited design engineers †¢ Lack of traditional management tasks †¢ Marketing power is insufficientC. Opportunities †¢ Reorganization of engineers †¢ Hiring of Highly expertise/skilled design engineersD.Threats †¢ Marketing power of competitors during this time IV. Potential Problem Analysis †¢ Additional cost in hiring highly expertise or skilled design engineers. †¢ Possible loss of market if  other competitors will  win the competition duringthat time when the marketing power is still insuff icient. †¢ Small project teams that may require them to add manpower and its costs. †¢ Engineers will continue to work too much time that could result to burn-out. †¢ Possible decrease in the annual sales of the Sony Company. †¢ Loss of precisions in the product lines if the needed expertise will not

Systematic and Systemic

Systematic and Systemic Systematic and Systemic Systematic and Systemic By Maeve Maddox Mark, one of our readers, requests a discussion of the difference between systematic and systemic. Both adjectives derive from the noun system which, in late Latin, meant a musical interval, that is, a difference in pitch between two notes. While retaining its original meaning, the Latin word came to mean, in addition: a union of several metres into a whole, the universe, body of the articles of faith, an organized whole, government, constitution, and a body of men or animals systematic [sis tuh MA tik] In its most common use by the general speaker and writer, the adjective systematic means Arranged or conducted according to a system, plan, or organized method. A novelist, for example, may have a systematic method of organizing note cards. More specialized meanings of systematic occur in the writings of philosophers, statisticians, and biologists, as the following examples from the OED illustrate: Logic: When the same words are used in sentences which express different kinds of propositions, yet in each case the usage is significant, then these words are said to have ‘systematic ambiguity’ This ambiguity is systematic because it can be formulated according to a rule. Statistics: an error with a non-zero mean, so that its effect is not reduced when observations are averaged. Natural history: Pertaining to, following, or arranged according to a system of classification; of or pertaining to classification, classificatory. systemic [sis TEM ik] Note: Beware the pronunciation. I once heard a radio reporter pronounce it as sus tee mik.) The adjective systemic is chiefly a scientific term meaning belonging to, supplying, or affecting the system or body as a whole. It is often used to refer to a condition that affects the nervous system in particular. Read the labels on your gardening supplies. If your herbicide, insecticide, or fungicide is described as systemic, it kills the pest youre after by entering its system and making its way throughout the plants or animals tissues. In 1961 M. A. K. Halliday came up with the term systemic grammar to describe a method of linguistic analysis. The rationale for the use of systemic instead of systematic in this instance eludes me, but then, so does the meaning of this OED example which records the use of the expression: The grammar that assigns to sentences structures like the one in Fig. 1 is generative fusion of elements of American-style immediate-constituent analysis, European-style dependency theory, and British-style systemic grammar. Unless you are referring to an organism, you probably want the word systematic. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesLatin Plural EndingsKn- Words in English

The Basics of Associated Press Style

The Basics of Associated Press Style One of the first things a student in a beginning journalism course learns about is Associated Press style or AP style for short. AP style is simply a standardized way of writing everything from dates to street addresses to job titles. AP style was developed and is maintained by The Associated Press, the world’s oldest news service. Why Do I Have to Learn AP Style? Learning AP style is certainly not the most exciting or glamorous aspect of a career in journalism, but getting a handle on it is absolutely necessary. Why? Because AP style is the gold standard for print journalism. It’s used by the vast majority of newspapers in the U.S. A reporter who never bothers to learn even the basics of AP style, who gets into the habit of submitting stories filled with AP style errors, is likely to find himself covering the sewage treatment board beat for a long, long time. How Do I Learn AP Style? To learn AP style you must get your hands on an AP Stylebook. It can be purchased at most bookstores or online. The stylebook is a comprehensive catalog of proper style usage and has literally thousands of entries. As such, it can be intimidating to the first-time user. But the AP Stylebook is designed to be used by reporters and editors working on tight deadlines, so generally, it’s pretty easy to use. There’s no point in trying to memorize the AP Stylebook. The important thing is to get into the habit of using it whenever you write a news story to make sure your article follows proper AP style. The more you use the book, the more you’ll start to memorize certain points of AP style. Eventually, you won’t have to refer to the stylebook nearly as much. On the other hand, don’t get cocky and toss out your AP Stylebook once you’ve memorized the basics. Mastering AP style is a lifelong, or at least career-long, pursuit, and even expert copy editors with decades of experience find they must refer to it regularly. Indeed, walk into any newsroom, anywhere in the country and you’re likely to find an AP Stylebook on every desk. It’s the Bible of print journalism. The AP Stylebook is also an excellent reference work. It includes in-depth sections on libel law, business writing, sports, crime, and firearms – all topics that any good reporter should have a grasp of. For instance, what’s the difference between a burglary and a robbery? There are a big difference and a novice police reporter who makes the mistake of thinking they are one and the same thing is likely to get hammered by a tough editor. So before you write that the mugger burgled the little old lady’s purse, check your stylebook. Here are some of the most basic and commonly used AP style points. But remember, these represent only a tiny fraction of what’s in the AP Stylebook, so don’t use this page as a substitute for getting your own stylebook. Numbers One through nine is generally spelled out, while 10 and above are generally written as numerals. Example: He carried five books for 12 blocks. Percentages Percentages are always expressed as numerals, followed by the word â€Å"percent.† Example: The price of gas rose 5 percent. Ages Ages are always expressed as numerals. Example: He is 5 years old. Dollar Amounts Dollar amounts are always expressed as numerals, and the â€Å"$† sign is used. Example: $5, $15, $150, $150,000, $15 million, $15 billion, $15.5 billion Street Addresses Numerals are used for numbered addresses. Street, Avenue, and Boulevard are abbreviated when used with a numbered address but otherwise are spelled out. Route and Road are never abbreviated. Example: He lives at 123 Main St. His house is on Main Street. Her house in on 234 Elm Road. Dates Dates are expressed as numerals. The months August through February are abbreviated when used with numbered dates. March through July are never abbreviated. Months without dates are not abbreviated. â€Å"Th† is not used. Example: The meeting is on Oct. 15. She was born on July 12. I love the weather in November. Job Titles Job titles are generally capitalized when they appear before a person’s name, but lowercase after the name. Example: President George Bush. George Bush is the president. Film, Book Song Titles Generally, these are capitalized and placed in quotation marks. Do not use quote marks with reference books or the names of newspapers or magazines. Example: He rented â€Å"Star Wars† on DVD. She read â€Å"War and Peace.†

Human Resources Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Resources Management - Essay Example Nasr believed that there was a need of some fresh blood which could spur growth in the financial services sector for Morgan Stanley. For this job, Nasr required an individual, who was an initiator, some one who was an expert in not just market and product knowledge. But was a shrewd salesperson; that is be able to identify the needs of his customer and is able to bring a feasible solution to the customer’s problem. And more importantly, the person must also be having an established credibility in the financial sector for his expertise. As Morgan Stanley’s Capital Markets division needed to leverage on an expert’s experience and talent; in order to establish a brand name for itself. Parson became Nasr’s choice for this job as he had known for his professional expertise in this sector. In Nasr’s opinion, Parson’s experience in industry, his analytical capabilities, his motivation and his selling skills; made him the perfect fit with the job’s requirements. (Fisher, Schoenfeldt, & Shaw, 2005) Although, initially Parson may have been skeptical to work at Morgan Stanley; but Parson’s ambitions to excel in his career made him grasp this opportunity. Parson’s acceptance of this challenging job and then his success in drastically improving the market share of Morgan Stanley in financial services sector; not only justified Nasr’s choice but also proved that Parson was an achiever, he had successfully accomplished a lot in a very short span of time. Morgan Stanley may have begun to enjoy profits from Parson’s endeavors. But still Nasr faced a problem at his hands. Rob Parson does not incorporate Morgan Stanley’s working habits in his business manners. He fails to follow the Morgan Stanley way of doing things with consensus and as a team. Thus, Parson’s evaluation is reviewed as being that of an individualistic not a team player;

A WOMAN'S CURSE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A WOMAN'S CURSE - Assignment Example A woman going through such situation could be certain that she could become pregnant, though presently not pregnant, but healthy enough to become pregnant. Writing through the Beverly Strassmann empirical research work, having lived for over two years among the Dogon of Mali in West Africa, being part of their culture, and the menstruating women were being confined to menstrual huts that are behind the compound of the village. Urine samples collected by the researcher showed that the women did not visit the huts throughout the pregnancy or during the period when there is an absence of menstruation. This means that the menstrual taboos of the Dogon traditional culture were useful in providing men with the genuine signals of female reproductive status. An implication of Strassman’s work might be reflected that modern lifestyles and the proliferation in the use of contraceptives might be in conflict with a woman’s naturally evolving biological developments. To support this proposition, she noted that the Dogon women menstruate 10 times while western women counter parts menstruate at least 400 times and even more. A feature may lead to cancer prone among the western women folk more than he Dogon traditional women folk. The study by Strassman, as analyzed by the author has proposed the interplay between biology and culture in human reproduction, a leading factor in human behaviour

Emergency Services Management - ManMade Disasters - Media Essay

Emergency Services Management - ManMade Disasters - Media - Essay Example Smoke and soot content in air could rapidly increase 1 to 2 hours prior to the fire reaching the perimeter of our town. 3. As a safety measure, I have ordered the evacuation initially of the western suburbs of Everyville consisting of the areas west of the canal. Evacuation of additional areas may become necessary as we track the advancement of the wildfire. The areas identified for immediate evacuation are shown in the attached map. 4. The evacuation will begin in approximately 1 hour from now and should be completed in a maximum of 2 hours. Police and fire service personnel are being deployed in the area to assist in the evacuation. I request all citizens to help these civic employees, who are putting their lives at risk, to do their jobs effectively. Failure to comply with instructions from police or fire services personnel would be treated as a criminal offence. 5. Carry only the minimum essentials with you when you evacuate your home. These essentials are shown in the simple chart below. In addition carry sleeping bags and change of clothing for each family member and some food and drinking water to supplement what is being arranged at the refuge centers. . You can use your own cars or trucks to move to the refuge areas or use the transport vehicles that have been arranged by the civic authorities. The police and fire service personnel would provide guidance. 6. The refuge areas identified in the town of Everyville are the Civic Center, The Church of St. Andrews, and the High School. The location of these refuge areas are shown on the map released with this statement. Volunteers have been positioned at each of these buildings to assign spaces and to help people settle in. Some arrangements for food and water are also being made. Doctors and nurses from the town hospital will be available to provide medical assistance if needed (CWPP, 2008). 7. Before you

Literature Review On Determinants Of Economic Growth Economics Essay

Literature Review On Determinants Of Economic Growth Economics Essay There are numerous of empirical research on economic growth has been done in the past decades. The empirical study of determinant of economic growth by Barro (1991) has been an important reference to future study on the related fields. In this section, a brief review of factors that determine economic growth will be presented. The influences consider here included government spending, inflation, FDI and trade, financial development, and European integration. The size of the government expenditure and its affect on economic growth has been getting much attention in the past study. Ghali (1997) explored his research on the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth by looking at the interaction among the growth rate in per capita GDP and the share of government spending in GDP over the period of 1960-1996. He used vector autoregressive analysis and Granger-causality in his study and found that there is no consistent evidence that government spending can increase Saudi Arabias per capita output growth. This result was contrasted with the two study by Cheng and Tin (1997), Loizides and Vamvoukas (2005). Both study suggested that government expenditure Granger-cause economic growth. Cheng and Tin (1997) emphasize on the granger causality between government expenditure, money supply and economic growth in South Korea for the period of 1954-1994. They applying the same technique as Ghali (1997) and claimed that money supply affect growth as well but money supply doesnt Granger-cause government expenditure. However, the study by Loizides and Vamvoukas (2005) focused on the causal link between the size of the public sector and real per capita income within the bivariate and trivariate frameworks on their sample countries of United Kingdom, Ireland and Greece. They have draw out three conclusions, first, public expenditure Granger causes growth in the short run and long run in all of the sample countries. Second, both bivariate and trivariare framework shows that increase in output would cause growth in public expenditure in Greece. Third, their trivariate model has indicates that causality from national income to public spending in Greece and British. Therefore, the different result from these study lead to a conclusion that in certain circumstances, changes of government expenditure do not necessary cause changes in the economic growth when government spending deliver services in an inefficiency way. Inflation was another controversial debate issues. Malik and Chowdhury (2001) observed the relationship between inflation and GDP growth for four South Asian countries which is Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. They employed the co-integration and error correction models to the annual data retrieved from the IMF International Financial Statistics. They established two results : (i) inflation and economic growth are positively and statistically significantly related for all four countries. (ii) the sensitivity of growth to changes in inflation rates is smaller than that of inflation to changes in growth rates. These results have crucial policy implication, that is, although moderate inflation foster economic growth feeds back into inflation by stimulating the economy. Another study by Faria and Carneiro (2001) claimed a divergent view from Malik and Chowdhurry (2001). They have measure the relationship between inflation and economic growth in the context of Brazil which has been undergone severe inflation until recently. This study has constructed a bivariate time series model (vector autoregression) with annual data for the period between 1980 and 1995, they argued that although there is a negative relationship between inflation and economic growth in the short run, but in the long run, economic growth does not affected by inflation. Thus, this result supported the theories of hyperinflation usually associated with economic depress and political and social upheavals and as a result, it is against the perspective that inflations affects economic growth in the long run. In addition to that, foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade were another influence that determined economic growth. Makki and Somwaru (2004) have analyze the role of FDI and trade in promoting economic performance across 66 developing countries, and the interaction among FDI, trade and economic growth by adopting unrelated regression (SUR) method and instrumental variable (3-stage least squares) approach over the period of 1971-2001. They brought to four interesting results. First, the variables of FDI and trade have a strong positive relationship. Second, FDI stimulates domestic investment. Third, macroeconomic policies and institutional stability is the precondition for FDI-driven growth. Fourth, economic growth would facilitated by a lowering inflation rate, tax burden, and government consumption. Similarly, the study of Yao (2006) investigate the effect of export and FDI on economic performance by using Pedrons panel unit root test, and Arellano and Bonds dynamic panel data estimating technique on the sample data of 28 Chinese provinces. This study has stressed on two essential strategies that adopted by Chinese government to explained why China can be success in the long period. One was the export-push strategy that replaced the self-reliance and import substitution strategy and the other was the adoption of foreign technology and international business practices through the uses of FDI. Their data also indicated that openness can boost economic growth if the unforeseen risk can be managed in the proper way. Financial development was the fourth factor. Liang (2006) inquired the impacts of financial development on the pattern of regional economic growth in China. The GMM approach has been employed in his research throughout the period of 1990 to 2001. He mentioned that financial development significant contributes to the economic growth in coastal region but not in the inland regions. Even though the structure and the size of financial sector in China are the same, financial function provided by the financial sector might vary across region. Meanwhile, Ang and McKibbin (2007) included financial liberalization in his observation. This research evaluated whether financial development leads to economic growth or vice versa in the economy of Malaysia. Their analysis was consistent with Liang (2006), which is financial development leads to economic growth. Variety of approaches being used in this study and the empirical evidence asserts that financial sector development in Malaysia can be stimulated through financial liberalization when the repressionist policies have been removed. Moreover, financial depth and economic development tends to have a positive relationship. They also view that economic growth would generate higher financial depth in the long run. Growth effects of European integration will be the last factors we discuss here. Henrekson et.al (1997), estimated the effects of European integration in EC and EFTA on economic growth. Their analysis has been conducted across a large sample of both developed and developing countries. They comprised a dummy for membership in EC or EFTA during 1976 -1985. They addressed that there is a significant and positive effects on economic growth but the effects became smaller and significant when the sample was restricted to 22 developed and OECD countries. The effects do not change for membership in EFTA as in the EC due to the technology transfer instead of investment. All the empirical study by these researchers provided a useful guidance for both domestic policy makers and the development partners. Nevertheless, more prospects might be explored on the determinant of economic growth, especially corruption. As in Malaysia, it is a significant variable that should be tested on.